Umlando Ophelele Wokuqala Nokuthuthukiswa Kohlelo Lokukhiya Nokubhala Amalebula lwe-LOTO

Umlando Ophelele Wokuqala Nokuthuthukiswa Kohlelo Lokukhiya Nokubhala Amalebula lwe-LOTO
I. Isigaba sokukhulelwa: Imikhuba Yokuphepha Yasekuqaleni Kwabantu (Ekuqaleni Kwekhulu Lama-20 - 1960)
Umqondo “wokukhiya ngaphandle” wavela okokuqala embonini yezitimela.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lapho izisebenzi zokulungisa izitimela zazilungisa ama-turnout kanye namakhabethe okulawula amasignali, zazikhiya amabhokisi okushintsha ngezingidi futhi zilengise izimpawu zesixwayiso ezibhalwe ngesandla ukuze zivimbele abanye ekwenzeni amaphutha. Lokhu kwakuyisibonelo sokuqala somqondo we-Tagout + i-Lock elula.
Izinyathelo Zesexwayiso Ezilula Zasembonini Zasekuqaleni
Ngemva kwentuthuko esheshayo yokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, izingozi ezifana nokuchotshozwa kwemishini kanye nokushaqeka kukagesi kwenzeka kaningi ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwamaphutha ezindaweni zokusebenzela zokunyathela, izindwangu, kanye nezokukhanda. Amabhizinisi asebenzisa kuphela imichilo yamaphepha namabhodi okhuni njengezibonakaliso zokuxwayisa ukukhumbuza ukumisa umshini, kodwa kwakungekho mishini yokukhiya ebonakalayo, futhi izimpawu zokuxwayisa zazisuswa kalula noma zinganakwa, okwaholela enanini elikhulu lezingozi.
Umkhuba Wokuzikhiya Olula Wemboni Oziqalela Wodwa
Amanye amabhizinisi amakhulu okukhiqiza azenzela imithetho yangaphakathi ngokuzimela: Ngaphambi kokulungisa, ayenqamula inkinobho eyinhloko bese evala inkinobho ngengikhi evamile, kodwa kwakungekho zindinganiso ezihlanganisiwe, akukho khiye wokuphepha ozinikele, futhi kwakungekho namathuluzi okukhiya abantu abaningi. Lokhu kwakuwumsebenzi ohlakazekile nongajwayelekile owaqalwa yiwo, futhi akukho simiso esijwayelekile esakhiwe.
II. Umthetho Ukhuthaza Isigaba: Ukukhuthazwa Komthetho Ngezinhlekelele Zokulimala Ezihlobene Nomsebenzi e-United States (1970 - 1988)
1. Isisekelo Sezomthetho Esisezingeni Eliphezulu: Umthetho Wokuphepha Nempilo Emsebenzini ka-1970
Idatha yokulimala kwezimboni e-United States ngawo-1960 yayishaqisa. Ngo-1970, lonke izwe lalinokufa kwezisebenzi eziyi-14,000 ngokwesilinganiso ngenxa yokulimala okuhlobene nomsebenzi kanye nezigidi zokulimala okubi. Ngonyaka ofanayo, uNixon wasayina uMthetho we-OSH, wasungula i-OSHA - i-United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration, enikeza uhulumeni amandla okuphoqelela imithetho yokuphepha efektri. Isigaba somthetho esijwayelekile somthetho sasivele sidinga amabhizinisi ukuthi alawule ingozi yokuqalisa imishini ngengozi, kodwa kwakungekho mithethonqubo ethile ye-LOTO.
2. Inyunyana Iphoqa Ukusungulwa Kwezindinganiso Ezidingekayo (I-Key Node ngo-1979)
Embonini yokukhiqiza izimoto, izisebenzi eziningi zokulungisa zafa ngenxa yokungakhiyi imithombo yamandla, futhi imishini yaqalwa ngephutha. Kwakukhona izingozi ezifanayo ezingu-22 ezibulalayo embonini yezimoto kuphela. I-United Automobile Workers Union (UAW) icele i-OSHA ukuthi yethule indinganiso yesikhashana ephuthumayo ephoqelekile ikakhulukazi ukulawula ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla ayingozi kanye nenqubo yokukhiya ngaphandle. Ukuphathwa Kwezokuphepha Nezempilo Emsebenzini.
I-OSHA yasamukela isicelo futhi yakhipha isimemezelo esiwuhlaka sendinganiso ye-LOTO ngo-1980 ngemuva kweminyaka engu-8 yocwaningo, imihlangano yomphakathi, kanye nokucela imibono ezinkampanini. Izibalo ezihlelekile zokulimala okuhlobene nomsebenzi okuhlobene nokulungiswa okungaphezu kuka-10,000 ezweni lonke ziqinisekisile ukuthi izingozi zokufa ezibangelwa yimishini ezingaphezu kwengxenye zibangelwe ukwehluleka ukuhlukanisa amandla ayingozi.
III. Ukuzalwa Kokuqiniswa Okusemthethweni Komhlaba Wonke: Ukuqaliswa Kwemithethonqubo Ephoqelekile ye-LOTO ngo-1989
Ukukhishwa Kwemithetho Eyinhloko
NgoSepthemba 1, 1989, i-OSHA yamemezela ngokusemthethweni indinganiso kahulumeni ethi 29 CFR 1910.147 “Control of Hazardous Energy (lockout tagout)”. Yasetshenziswa ngokugcwele ngoJanuwari 2, 1990. Lolu kwakuwuhlelo lokuqala oluphelele nolubophayo ngokomthetho lwe-LOTO emhlabeni, oluphawula ukuthuthukiswa kwe-LOTO kusukela ekusebenzeni okuhlakazekile kuya enkambisweni yokuphepha ephoqelelwe ngokomthetho.
Ukuqamba Okujwayelekile Okuyisisekelo (Ukwakha Uhlaka Lwesimanje lwe-LOTO)
Hlukanisa phakathi kwezibonakaliso zesexwayiso sokukhiya okubonakalayo kwe-Lockout: Izimpawu zesexwayiso ziwusizo kuphela, futhi izinkinobho zamandla ezinezimbobo zokukhiya kumele zikhiywe ngenkani；
Chaza isethi ephelele yezinqubo ezijwayelekile: Misa – Nciphisa amandla – Khipha amandla asele – Ithegi yokukhiya – Hlola ukuqinisekisa;
Amathuluzi Akhethekile Ajwayelekile: Izikhiye zokuphepha zomuntu siqu, izinkinobho ezinwetshiwe (ukukhiya kwabantu abaningi), izikhiye ze-circuit breaker, izikhiye ze-valve, amathegi esixwayiso, iziteshi zokuphatha izikhiye eziphakathi; Izidingo eziqinile zokuqeqeshwa, ukuhlolwa okuvamile, ukulungiswa kwabantu abaningi ngohlelo lokukhiya lomuntu oyedwa, okususa ngokuphelele ingozi yokuvulwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nokuqala kabusha ngumuntu oyedwa.
4. Ukuthuthukisa Umhlaba Wonke Nokuthuthukiswa Kokwenziwa Kwendawo
Ukulandelela ngasikhathi sinye eYurophu nase-United States
I-European Union ikhiphe umyalelo wokuphepha kwemishini ka-2009/104/EC, ohlanganisa ngokugcwele umqondo wokwahlukaniswa kwamandla we-LOTO we-OSHA, kanye nokusebenzisa ngokufanayo ukukhiya kanye nokumaka ezimbonini zaseYurophu; iCanada ne-Australia nazo ngesikhathi esisodwa zethule imithetho efanayo yokuphepha.
I-China yethula futhi isebenzise amazinga kazwelonke
Ngemuva kuka-2000, amabhizinisi amakhulu angaphandle, izimboni zamakhemikhali, zamandla, kanye nezimoto eShayina zaba ngezokuqala ukwethula ukuphathwa kwe-LOTO;
Ngo-2017, kwakhishwa indinganiso kazwelonke i-GB/T 33579-2017 ethi “Ukuphepha Kwemishini – Izindlela Zokulawula Amandla Engozi: Ukukhiya I-Tagout”, okuhlanganisa i-LOTO ezidingweni eziphoqelekile zokwenziwa kwemikhiqizo yokuphepha yasekhaya, futhi kwakha uchungechunge oluphelele lokuphepha kwezimboni olunamabhande anwetshiwe, izingidi zokuphatha, kanye nesethi ephelele yezingidi zokuphepha.
5. Ingqondo Eyisisekelo Yokuzalwa Kwesistimu
Uhlelo lwe-LOTO aluzange ludalwe ngomoya ophansi; lwakhiwa ngenxa yezingozi eziningi ezibulalayo ngesikhathi sokulungiswa, ukukhuthazwa kwezinyunyana zabasebenzi, imithetho kahulumeni, kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwamathuluzi ajwayelekile:
Ukuthembela kuphela ezikhumbuzweni zamazwi kanye nezimpawu zamaphepha akukwazi ukuvimbela ukunganaki kwabantu;
Kuyadingeka ukuthembela ezingidini ezibonakalayo ukuze kwakheke isithiyo esingenakudluleka；
Ezimweni zokulungiswa kwabantu abaningi, ukusetshenziswa kwezikhiye zebhakede ezinde kufeza ukukhiya okuxhumene, kuvimbele ngempumelelo ukuqala ngengozi;
Isiteshi sokukhiya esiphakathi (Isiteshi Sokukhiya Sokuphatha) inikezwa njengesixazululo sokubhekana nezinkinga zokuphatha zamathuluzi ahlakazekile kanye nokufinyelela okungafanele, okuvimbela abasebenzi ukuthi bangawuqaphi inqubo yokukhiya.